审计报告是F8考试中非常重要的一个部分,这个可以从其作为考点的高频率和examiner’s report 中看出来:

“Future candidates are once again reminded that audit reports are the only output of a statutory audit and hence an understanding of how an audit report can be modified and in which circumstances, is considered very important for this exam “

-Examiner’s report, Dec 2011

那么这篇文章的主旨是为了1) 帮助F8的考生们梳理本章的重点和结构,2) 最新的考纲中关于审计报告的变化。

1)审计报告的主要目的是为了审计师发表针对客户财务报表的审计意见。 审计意见大的分为两类:unmodified opinion 和 modified opinion。进一步细分,一共又可以分为5种不同的类型

Unmodified opinion 可分为:Unmodified opinion (标准的无保留意见)

Unmodified opinion with emphasis matter paragraph

(带强调事项段的无保留意见)

Modified opinion 可分为:Qualified opinion (保留意见)

Disclaimer (无法表示意见)

Adverse opinion (否定意见)

针对F8的考试中出现的审计报告的题,一般是以小段case的形式出现的,考察考生是否能判断在不同的情况下,应该出示哪一种审计意见,针对此类题型我将在下面给出一个5步答题套路。

1.Discussion of issue

第一步简单总结一下题中的小case,说出客户的财务报表有没有mistake 或者是无法找到audit evidence

2.Calculation of materiality

以题中给出的客户当年的5% of profit作为threshold

3.Type of audit report modification required

如果通过第1步和第2步,发现客户有material 的misstatement, 那么需要进一步判断这个misstatement是不是pervasive的,如果是,adverse opinion is issued。如果不是,qualified opinion is issued。

如果通过第1步和第2步,发现是因为审计师找不到evidence,而且缺失的这一部分是pervasive的,那么disclaimer is issued。

4.Impact on audit report

审计报告应该如何被modified,包括加入basis for opinion paragraph 和 opinion paragraph 应该如何被modify

5.Follow-up action

Before issue modified opinion,the auditor should persuade its client to correct material misstatement。

2)从2016年9月的考试开始,针对审计报告的考试大纲有一些新的调整。

2.1 审计报告中新增加了Key audit matters (KAMs) section

以前最难给client 解释的就是为什么明明是unmodified opinion为什么非的还要给带一个emphasis of matter paragraph(EoM),但是IAASB生怕auditor 工作不够累,不够苦,不够惨,还给EoM 加了二胎小弟叫KAMs(Key audit matters),

大家来感受一下它们的区别:KAMs has some degree of overlap with EoM paragraphs,the EoM is for ' matter that is fundamental for users', whereas KAMs are merely ' most significant matters' i.e. Less than fundamental.

简单来说,KAMs 主要针对以下几个方面:

1.Areas of higher risk of material misstatement - e.g. sales recognition of long-term service contract or prepaid income

2.Significant management judgement – e.g. goodwill impairment

3.Effect of significant events or transactions – e.g. change of key ownership or major M&A

On the other hand,emphasis of matter paragraph(EoM)主要针对以下几个方面:

1.extraordinary litigation (material)

2.early apply for new accounting standard

3.major disaster

2.2审计报告中新增加了Material Uncertainty of Going Concern Section

Emphasis of matter paragraphs are not used in relation to going concern anymore. They used to be used where there was a ‘materiality uncertainty’ that was appropriately disclosed, but now the auditor uses a ‘Material uncertainty’ paragraph instead.

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